In a widely publicized speech commemorating the Constitutions bicentennial, Marshall asserted that in its infamously pro-slavery ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), the Supreme Court merely reaffirmed the prevailing opinion of the Framers regarding the rights of Negroes in America. He claimed that Chief Justice Roger Taney, writing for the Court in that case, had accurately described the Founders views when he alleged that in the Founders day, black Americans, had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white raceand so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the Negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. [5] For an indispensable rebuttal of this critique, see Thomas G. West, Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America (Lanham, Md. This deep, Lockean insight, which he shared, once again, with Americas Founders, moved Douglass to defend the natural right of property against errors and attacks from divergent positions. Your argument can be summed up quickly. He also goes on to say a number of other things that basically establish that slaves live an easy and good life compared to others. [32] Douglass, What the Black Man Wants, January 1, 1865, in Douglass Papers, Vol. V, p. 105. The short essay, Slavery as a Mythologized Institution, explains how people in that time period justified the disgusting behavior that was demonstrated regularly. A reason tells why the claim is made and is supported by the evidence. A claim of value makes a judgement on something's worth, morality, or merit. An effective counterclaim works to disagree with and disprove the author's claim. The claim is the author's argument that they are attempting to prove in the essay. In response, Garrison intensified his calls for the dissolution of the American Union, while influential black abolitionists urged blacks to surrender their hopes in America and emigrate. Argumentative Writing Overview & Facts | How to Write A Claim & Counterclaim, Study.com ACT® English Test Prep Practice: Commas, Concluding Statements: Supporting Your Argument, How to Establish and Maintain a Formal Writing Style, How to Analyze an Argument's Effectiveness & Validity, Study.com ACT® English Test Prep Practice: Verb Tense and Subject-Verb Agreement, Writing for An Audience: How to Structure Your Argument, How to Structure an Argument in Your Essay, Providing Effective Feedback on Writing Samples, Claim Statements in Arguments | Strong & Weak Reasons, Evidence, & Examples, How to Add, Subtract and Multiply Complex Numbers, Supporting Claims with Evidence & Reasoning | How to Write a Claim Statement, Citing Textual Evidence to Support Analysis, The Importance of Using Precise Language in Writing. Frederick Douglasss account on slavery could be seen as biased as a result of first hand experiences with being held as a slave. In his heart of hearts, Douglass would later reflect, Lincoln loathed and hated slavery.[25] The foundation of this deepened appreciation was of course Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, promised in September 1862 and delivered the following January. I have no country. He could feel no attachment to America, he explained, for reasons that ran deeper than the countrys unjust practices. [56] To the Editor of the National Republican, in Life and Writings, Vol. How might a group of people denounce a government policy? In paragraph 5, what does douglass acknowledge as a counterclaim to his position? A reason makes someone care and tells the importance of the claim and the argument. Is there a solution for how to address or resolve the issue going forward? His evidence for this claim is that when he first meets her in Baltimore, she is a very kind woman. The reasoning is the logic used to prove a claim. keep that person in prison for all of his or her natural life" (Spangenberg and Walsh 15). A counterclaim is the argument opposing the author's claim. In it, he articulated in an unforgettable manner the core meaning and mission of America, drawing inspiration, he said, from the magnificent words of the nations two great founding documents, the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Are there predictions to be made about future developments of this issue? Argumentative Writing - ELA.8.C.1.3: Write to argue a position, supporting at least one claim and rebutting at least one counterclaim with logical reasoning, credible evidence from sources . So, not only does the author work on proving their claim, but they work on disproving the counterclaim or opposition's argument. In this respect, what is notable in Douglasss advocacy of education reforms is that whereas he justified them primarily as the payment of a debt due specifically to those formerly enslaved and their relationsspecifically to black Americanshe proposed the payment of that debt by a policy framed in nonracial terms, designed to benefit Americans irrespective of race. Although writers use plenty of other options, Im teaching the counterclaim and refutation in the final body paragraph. Using stories to illustrate each of his points, Douglass shows that black slaves only tell whites they are happy to avoid retribution, that they sing to mourn and lament their fate, and that owners who have gone to revival meetings and come back "converted" to Christianity feel even more emboldened to beat and mistreat their slaves, because it is Biblically sanctioned that slaves must obey their masters. Every year adds to his wealth and to his intelligence. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. In this reassuring view, the era of momentous reforms that Kings speech and actions did much to elicit vindicates the character of America, displaying the nations renewed determination to make good on its original commitment to securing the equal natural rights of all its members. III, p. 420; Douglass, Womens Rights Are Not Inconsistent with Negro Rights, November 19, 1868, in Douglass Papers, Vol. Through the use of first person encounters, Frederick Douglass in his narrative A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass argues that the key to freedom is claimed through education. Worst of all was Dred Scott, in which the nations highest court endorsed the pro-slavery, white-supremacist reading propagated by both the Constitutions Garrisonian enemies and slaverys most determined defenders. For a standard 5-paragraph essay, the introduction is one paragraph and contains the thesis statement, or overall claim for the essay. In paragraph 5, (a) What does Douglass acknowledge as a counterclaim to his Frederick. Soon after his master discovers this, and commences the teaching at once. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Knowing that your mom could care less about the newest games, appeal to what she thinks is important - your grades. Space permits here only a brief sketch of Douglasss singularly remarkable life story, which sheds much light on the formation of his political philosophy. appalachian school of law shooting victims; private members' clubs london mayfair. There is a power in numbers, wealth and intelligence, which can never be despised nor defied. [50] Self-reliant virtue was indispensable to the cause of national integration, just as it was an essential condition of the securing of rights. Good reasoning for a claim is on topic, logically sound, factual, and can be supported by evidence. [61] Douglass, Why Is the Negro Lynched? in Life and Writings, Vol. How does the concept vocabulary sharpen the reader's understanding of how does douglass refute this counterclaim?kids baking championship where are they now marshall park lunenburg ma where is boca grande beach where is boca grande beach For Douglass as for Abraham Lincoln, America was, after all, the last, best hope of Earth.[62]. He allowed that Lincolns election has demonstrated the possibility of electingan anti-slavery reputation to the Presidency of the United States.[24] But an anti-slavery reputation was a far cry from a genuine abolitionist, in Douglasss estimation, and Douglass at first expected little of Lincoln, who did not share his radically abolitionist reading of the Constitution. It made of Americans one glorious and homogeneous people (as Douglass said of the Emancipation Proclamation)[30] and elevated America to its rightful place among nations as exemplar of the humanitarian spirit of the age. The thesis provides the main argument for the essay as well as an outline for the rest of the essay. In his reasonable faith in their ultimate triumph in America, Douglass found an enormous reservoir of strength that he labored to share with others. Covey as an event that "revived within me a sense of my own manhood". That which is inhuman, cannot be divine! That Douglass sympathized, for a period in his youth, with anti-America radicalism is hardly surprising. In that position, Douglasss fame grew rapidly, and with it came controversy and heightened personal danger. 9 chapters | After giving your reason, if your mom is anything like mine, she'll probably say, 'So?' It is difficult to challenge the accuracy of the first hand account offered. I was nothing before, he wrote in his autobiography, reflecting on the episode. I know of no soil better adapted to the growth of reform than American soil. The reasoning is about the cost of the death penalty, while the evidence is about racial disparities in the implementation of the death penalty. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? - piyusharora.com If the author's claim is that organ selling should be legalized, an example of an effective counterclaim would be that organ selling should not be legalized because it can drive up the cost of organ transplants, meaning that only the rich could afford to receive a transplant. 348349 (emphasis in original). Although, Douglass is able to be direct our thoughts to these experiences in such a light, you feel as if you are witnessing it happen right before you. Second, it indicates Douglasss reluctance to support more radical measures such as the plan for confiscation proposed in 1867 by Pennsylvania Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, leader of the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives. Writing before slaves were freed in the United States, Douglass' main objective in the Narrative is to dispel any notion that slavery is good for those enslaved. Douglass's really has two central claims in theNarrative. Frederick Douglass autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave offers a depiction of slavery like very few before him, from his firsthand accounts. [31] Douglass, Our Composite Nationality, December 7, 1869, in Douglass Papers, Vol. For its first 18 months, Douglass found in Lincolns presidency mostly a confirmation of his doubts. Criticizethe reasoning of the counterclaimas being flawed, illogical, or biased. Likewise, it went hand-in-hand with his wariness of the moral hazards attendant on whites benevolence. 411, 414. It had given me a view of my wretched condition, without the remedy. Douglasss arguments on this subject extended back to his early abolitionist years, when he saw very clearly that slaves natural rights to liberty were fundamentally identical with their natural rights to propertywith their natural properties in their own persons, in their own labor, and in the fruits of that laborand that the fundamental evil of slavery was to deprive them, at once, of both. The propensity of the latter, he warned, was to foster an enervating spirit of alienationa perpetual longing for some mighty revolution, diverting and dissipating the energies of those who harbored it.[59]. Curiosity may have killed the cat, but it will help you be a good interviewer. These will speak for him. Slavery, in their view, was simply unconstitutional; the Constitution delegated to the federal government both the right and the duty to abolish slavery immediately, everywhere in the Union.[18]. Roy P. Basler (Cambridge, Mass. A claim of policy is an argument in support of, in opposition or, or for the alteration of an existing policy, law, or mandate. [48] What the Black Man Wants, in Douglass Papers, Vol. II, pp. Seeking such a consummation, Douglass hurled himself into political activism throughout the 1850s. If you've ever watched a detective show, then you know evidence. The effect of abolishing slavery, without conferring equal rights, he contended, would be [to doom] the colored race to a condition indescribably wretched and the dreadful contagion of their vices and crimes would fly like cholera and small pox through all classes. Most urgently, he taught them to reject the spirit of alienation, which he saw as the greatest danger to any peoples liberation and elevation. Here again, two points are especially salient. [55] My Bondage and My Freedom, in Autobiographies, p. 287; Douglass, Self-Elevation, in Life and Writings, Vol. Evidence is the facts or research to support your claim. Aside from all the, Patrick Henry once said, give me liberty, or give me death. In the eyes of Frederick Douglass and countless others enslaved, this took on a much deeper meaning to them. It's how the detective is able to put the criminal in jail. Evaluating an Argument Guidelines & Examples | What is an Argument? Introduction (1 paragraph that contains the claim), Body Paragraphs (3 paragraphs that contain the reasons, evidence, and counterclaims), Conclusion (sums up the entire argument and provides a look to the future), Describe the four main parts of an argument, Explain why it is important to develop each of these parts in an argument. to confirm your understanding of the speech. In all this talk of race, the motive may be good, but the method is bad. That's evidence. But the final, unimpeachable confirmation of Lincolns anti-slavery commitment came for Douglass in August 1864, when the President, fearing that a demoralized electorate would soon force a premature end to the war, summoned Douglass to the White House to discuss a covert scheme for liberating as many as possible in the meantime. Once again, that hopefulness was grounded primarily in his appreciation of the unique virtue of Americas beginning; first things are always interesting, he liked to say,[10] and most of all in the case of a new nation dedicated to universal principles of justice. In the Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass, we are exposed to the iniquity of slavery and the dehumanization of the black race, which then led Frederick Douglass to recognize that literacy and education would aid him in his flight to freedom. [3] William Jefferson Clinton, Memphis Church of God in Christ Convention Speech, November 13, 1993, at http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/wjclintonmemphis.htm (November 8, 2010). The body can be organized by reasoning, with the author providing three reasons as the topic sentences for the three paragraphs, then using further reasoning and evidence to prove the topic sentence. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? - tiebe.gay The hook should be on-topic and supportive of the author's argument. [41] Address of the Colored National Convention, in Life and Writings, Vol. V, p. 78. While Frederick Douglass made some key arguments, he also made common ground to make his appeal for the abolition of slavery. Soon enough after AfricanAmericans gained the vote, Douglass believed, the interests of white politicians and voters would overcome their prejudices; blacks would be courted by the leaders of all parties, and their rights and interests would be recognized in law and policy.[41]. Claims of fact make assertions that can be proven or disproven with evidence. James Madison, the commonly acknowledged Father of the Constitution, in a speech at the Constitutional Convention denounced slavery grounded in the mere distinction of colour as the most oppressive dominion ever exercised by man over man.[6] Likewise, Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, in his original draft of that document denounced slavery (not only the slave trade) as a cruel war against human naturean institution creating and depending on a market, he emphasized to excite outrage in his readers, where MEN should be bought & sold. All the major figures of the Founding forwarded similar denunciations of slavery. Douglass states that "scorching irony, not convincing argument, is needed." It is very difficult to see how the forward- and upward-looking labor required to achieve the ends of justice for all and black elevation in America is to be sustained amid a spreading sentiment of alienation from America. In a standard, five-paragraph argumentative essay, there are three sections, each with their own components. It did much more, that is, than convey the Framers general disapproval of slavery and their design to recognize slavery only as a local institution, to tolerate it only as a necessary, temporary evil, and to contain its expansion to the end of promoting its eventual abolition. Finally, answer the question at the bottom of the page. In the book called The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, he attempts to shine light on the American Slave system in the 1800s. [20] Douglass, Speech on the Dred Scott Decision, in Life and Writings, Vol. Frederick Douglass pure story telling in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass directly goes against any argument for slavery from Fitzhugh, by revealing the harshness of the institution of slavery and the individuals behind it. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Masterplots II: African American Literature Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Analysis, Critical Edition of Young Adult Fiction Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Analysis, Critical Context (Masterplots II: African American Literature), Critical Context (Critical Edition of Young Adult Fiction), Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, Frederick Douglass. . Let us consider first the difficulties. Criticizethe evidence and analysis of the counterclaimas being unimportant, irrelevant, or a misinterpretation. In response, however, influential scholars and activists have embraced a radical critique of America that is much more likely to worsen those problems than it is to resolve them. Viewing it amid the grand course of human events, Douglass saw in the Civil War an event of epochal moral significance. Nevertheless, his speech does make an argument. In a more formal way, she might say, 'Your current situation does not require a new cell phone.' What would you ask them to do? A claim is an argument in statement form. It was above all in Americas original and unforgettable dedication to those principles that Douglass found reason to love and identify with his country, despite the injustices that he and his people had suffered. ventana canyon golf membership fees; what ships are in port at norfolk naval base? For the audience? [7] At the heart of all that he learned and taught were these simple propositions: A formidable thinker as well as an activist and a polemicist, Frederick Douglass produced the most powerful argument for the affirmation of those principles in the history of AfricanAmerican political thought. Above all, the Constitution must be interpreted in light of its commitment to secure the blessings of liberty for all. She has something to say against your claim that you need a new cell phone, and it goes something like, 'No, you don't.'. Fair play meant at minimum that the nation must reject the alternatives of (1) re-enslavement, this time of the entire black American population; (2) colonization or expatriation; (3) persisting subordination of blacks as a degraded caste; and (4) outright extermination. Ten years later, in an Independence Day address, he issued a similar, much more pointed appeal. [30] Life and Writings, Vol. But he makes it equally clear that slavery was not successful in achieving this aim. -his language is different, it proves hes educated, (b) How effective would it be for a modern audience? how does douglass refute this counterclaim? His story, an instant best seller, succeeded in confirming his veracity, but at the cost of attracting greatly intensified attention from fugitive slavecatchers. Latest answer posted August 20, 2009 at 11:51:14 PM. : Da Capo Press, 2001), p. 688. He had finally conquered his fear of water. In his 1894 Blessings of Liberty and Education speech, presented a few months before his death, Douglass ventured on the subject a last word that he feared would be more useful than palatable: Since emancipation we hear much said of our modern colored leaders in commendation of race pride, race love, race effort, race superiority, race men and the like. Evidence - something that proves the truth of a claim, or leads to a . The one thing needful, then, was to elect an abolitionist governing majority at the federal level. An effective argumentative essay addresses what the other side might say and explains why that point of view is wrong. Hannover Turismo how does douglass refute this counterclaim? Addressing a womens rights convention in 1868, Douglass made the point simply and bluntly: If the elective franchise is not extended to the negro, he dieshe is exterminated.[39], Moreover, as the voting right was an imperative of justice, it was also, Douglass argued, a powerful agency for the cause of integration. [51] Douglass, The Blessings of Liberty and Education, September 3, 1894, in Douglass Papers, Vol. One is that slavery was an institution that corrupted whites and robbed (or attempted to rob) blacks of their humanity. In assembling together as we have done, our object is not to excite pity for ourselves, but to command respect for our cause, and to obtain justice for our people. For radical critics, Americas betrayals of the ideals of liberty and equality for all are betrayals in the nations founding principles rather than betrayals of them. The position of Douglass and constitutional radicals, by contrast, was that the Constitution was in the strict sense abolitionist. Dvidas? [50] My Bondage and My Freedom, in Autobiographies, p. 286; Douglass to Stowe, March 8, 1853, in Life and Writings, Vol. 9, how does Douglass come to know the date? 516517. Following this lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. His first hand accounts of the cruel nature of slavery and the thought. June 14, 2022 The conclusion ties to the claim and. These displays of humanity would naturally arouse the sympathy of non-slaveholders, a few of whom at first, and more with the passage of time, would take up the cause of abolition. Wiki User. II, pp. 2 - Evidence. Through his knowledge, he learns more about his situation and potential. The reason "capital punishment costs taxpayers more than life in prison" answers "why" capital punishment should be banned. Douglass's central claim in his autobiography is that slavery is as harmful to whites as it is to slaves. Let him alone![33], This response epitomizes Douglasss career-long insistence on the cultivation of self-reliant virtue as the primary means of elevation from the degraded condition in which many years of slavery and proscription had left most black Americans. On one side, he rejected as plainly blasphemous the radical positivism expressed in the eminent Senator Henry Clays assertion that what the law makes property, is property.[42] At the other extreme, he judged it arrant nonsense to conflate the causes of abolitionism and socialism, as some abolitionists did in the belief that they could eradicate the desire for property in another human being only by eradicating the desire for private property of any kind. In a short manuscript written sometime in or near 1869, he formulated in rough outline a land-reform proposal, according to which the federal government would correct for southern landowners collusion by becoming itself a purchaser and seller of lands. Accept the criticism of the counterclaim. Including using the example of Joseph and his brothers, as well as the Israelites being slaves in Egypt. A broad array of racially freighted social problems persists and even intensifies in the postCivil Rights Era, in the face of which the ideals of the civil rights cause cannot be said to have been fully realized. on his farm recently because of a lack of water, so he decides to research how many acres of farm land were lost in his area during the last extended drought. First, it makes clear that Douglasss demand for nothing but fair play allowed for vigorous protective and remedial action by the federal government. His life was transformed yet again in August 1841, when the nations foremost abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, heard him speak at meetings in New Bedford and Nantucket, Massachusetts, and promptly offered him a position as a lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. While conceding that these critics have a point, Peter C. Myers faults them for embracing a radical critique of America that rejects Americas founding principles as racist, abandons the goal of integration, and fosters alienation. As he renewed his labors for justice and progress for the freedpeople, Douglass had to confront a nettlesome question, lingering in the minds even of many anti-slavery whites, that had long obstructed the abolitionist cause. Which words helped you convey information precisely? The climactic reversal in his youth came when he resolved to resist, and successfully resisted, a cruel slavemasters attempt to whip him. Most enslaved people did not resist so openly, and fewer still ran away as Douglass did, but all, he makes clear, struggled to retain their humanity in the face of slavery's brutality. [15] Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? in Douglass Papers, Vol. Another is that slavery is an institution fundamentally based on violence, telling the story of the vicious beatings an aunt of his would often receive: I have often been awakened at the dawn of day by the most heart-rending shrieks of an own aunt of mine, whom he used to tie up to a joist, and whip upon her naked back till she was literally covered with blood. What [Lincoln] said on this day, Douglass wrote in his final autobiography, showed a deeper moral conviction against slavery than I had ever seen before in anything spoken or written by him.[26]. In this method, the author would address the counterclaims within each of the body paragraphs. [57] Douglass, Schools Are a Common Platform of Nationality, May 9, 1872, in Douglass Papers, Vol. For Douglasss ultimately irrepressible faith in America was not at all a natural inheritance or an easy acquisition. There he worked proudly as a day laborer and refined his oratorical powers, both as a lay preacher in New Bedfords African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and as a participant in the meetings of local black abolitionists. Then, it's time for your evidence, which, again, you have thoughtfully and thoroughly prepared. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? - ammcap.com According to Douglass, how do laws in the South prove that slaves are human beings? -he's hopeful that they hear what he's saying & things change over time, Write a summary of this excerpt from "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" https://www.facebook.com/groups/sorliteracyhub, Enter code 3716 for 10% Discount on all ELA and Reading Intervention Programs. V, p. 625. In what turned out to be Douglasss most prescient argument, slaverys demise would come about in the following sequence of events. Protagoras was a Greek philosopher who is widely considered the father of argument and debate. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? I explain Douglasss argument more elaborately in Frederick Douglass, pp. IV, p. 514. https://www.facebook.com/groups/sorliteracyhub, Create Decodable Text with Artificial Intelligence, FREE Diagnostic Reading and ELA Assessments. The first of those, described above, was the most flagrantly pro-slavery legislation in U.S. history. As he gathered his energies to prepare yet another lecture on the imperative of equal justice for all, he suffered a sudden heart attack or stroke and died on February 20, 1895. Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was a former slave who became a nationally recognized abolitionist orator during the antebellum period. Explain. Your reason is because yours doesn't have Internet access, and your evidence says that students with Internet access make better grades. If you're ever going to convince your mom to get that new cell phone that's just perfect for you, you're going to have to move beyond mere opinions. However a very courageous man, Frederick Douglass challenges those beliefs. IV, p. 183. Whereas Douglass from the outset called urgently and insistently for the Civil Wars prosecution as an abolition war, Lincoln saw in such a course of action only a self-destructive rashnessa premature radicalizing of the war, most likely to result in the disaffection of vital allies and, ultimately, the catastrophic failure of the Union cause. It was specifically on grounds of reparative justice that he urged support of one particular federal public-education proposal, a bill put forward by Senator Henry Blair of New Hampshire.
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